Smoking damages blood vessels over time. While the effects may not be immediately noticeable, chronic cough, shortness of breath and reduced exercise tolerance can develop. Risk is assessed by smoking history and clinical evaluation of cardiovascular and lung function.

A lack of regular activity can be identified by low endurance, stiffness, or fatigue with minor exertion. Low daily movement and minimal exercise are strong indicators of cardiovascular risk. Fitness tests or activity tracking can highlight this risk factor.

A personal or family history of heart disease, particularly in parents or siblings at a young age, increases risk. This is identified through a detailed health history and may prompt earlier screening for cholesterol, blood pressure or cardiac imaging.

Consuming large amounts of processed foods, saturated fats, or salt is a visible behavioural risk factor. Blood tests can show elevated cholesterol or triglycerides and high blood pressure readings may also indicate dietary impact.

Chronic stress and mental health challenges can indirectly increase cardiovascular risk. Indicators include persistent tension, sleep disruption, irritability or physical signs like elevated blood pressure. Surveys, clinical assessments or wearable monitoring can help identify stress-related impact.

Cardiovascular risk naturally increases with age, especially over 45 for men and 55 for women, due to cumulative exposure to risk factors and age-related changes in blood vessels. Routine screenings and monitoring of blood pressure, cholesterol and heart function become increasingly important.